References and Sources

This section lists the sources cited throughout the book. The numbered source index, ordered by source number, is the canonical bibliography: every inline citation of the form (N, author or organisation, year) links to the entry with that number. The index is grouped by category so that readers can quickly locate the European instruments and case law that govern work and its management, the standards and guidance, the literature of management and of managing by measurement, the research and reporting on algorithmic management and platform work, the evidence on AI, work and automation bias, the incidents and enforcement decisions, the sources on the public sector and co-determination, and the earlier volumes of the series.

Entries 1 to 172 were carried over verbatim from the bibliography of The Transformed Security Architect and keep the access dates recorded there, under that volume's category headings; sources that no chapter of this book cites are removed by scripts/renumber_sources.py --apply before release. Entry 173 and the entries from 174 onwards were added for this book and checked against their live pages on 2026-11-06.

Numbered source index

European and international instruments

Source [1]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union, 12 July 2024. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 1: Introduction: Who Is the Boss?, Chapter 2: What a Manager Does: Five Management Functions and Who Performs Them, Chapter 3: From Scientific Management to Algorithmic Management: A Century of Managing by Measurement, Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 5: Platform Work: The Algorithm as Dispatcher, Chapter 6: The Warehouse and the Shop Floor: Pace, Rate and Monitoring, Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 8: Performance Scores, Productivity Metrics and Dismissal by Algorithm, Chapter 9: Scheduling, Pay and the Allocation of Work, Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 11: Autonomy, Dignity and Control: Being Managed by a Machine, Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes, Chapter 13: Surveillance at Work and the Chilling Effect, Chapter 14: Health, Pace and Burnout: Occupational Safety Under Algorithmic Direction, Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties, Chapter 22: Data Protection and the Platform Work Directive: The Right to a Human Decision, Chapter 23: Co-determination: Works Councils, Unions and the Nordic Model Meet the Algorithm, Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction, Chapter 28: Transparency to the Managed: What Workers Are Told, When and by Whom, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work, Chapter 30: A Year With the AI Boss: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [2]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2026). Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2023/1230 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI). Official Journal of the European Union, 24 July 2026. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 1: Introduction: Who Is the Boss?, Chapter 2: What a Manager Does: Five Management Functions and Who Performs Them, Chapter 3: From Scientific Management to Algorithmic Management: A Century of Managing by Measurement, Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 5: Platform Work: The Algorithm as Dispatcher, Chapter 6: The Warehouse and the Shop Floor: Pace, Rate and Monitoring, Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 8: Performance Scores, Productivity Metrics and Dismissal by Algorithm, Chapter 9: Scheduling, Pay and the Allocation of Work, Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes, Chapter 13: Surveillance at Work and the Chilling Effect, Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties, Chapter 22: Data Protection and the Platform Work Directive: The Right to a Human Decision, Chapter 23: Co-determination: Works Councils, Unions and the Nordic Model Meet the Algorithm, Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction, Chapter 28: Transparency to the Managed: What Workers Are Told, When and by Whom, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work, Chapter 30: A Year With the AI Boss: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations.
Source [3]: European Commission (2026). Draft Commission guidelines on the classification of high-risk AI systems. Shaping Europe's digital future, 19 May 2026, last updated 23 July 2026. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/draft-commission-guidelines-classification-high-risk-ai-systems (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 9: Scheduling, Pay and the Allocation of Work, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties.
Source [4]: European Commission (2026). AI literacy: questions and answers. Shaping Europe's digital future, updated 20 October 2026. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/ai-literacy-questions-answers (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties.
Source [5]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 4 May 2016. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 1: Introduction: Who Is the Boss?, Chapter 2: What a Manager Does: Five Management Functions and Who Performs Them, Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 5: Platform Work: The Algorithm as Dispatcher, Chapter 6: The Warehouse and the Shop Floor: Pace, Rate and Monitoring, Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 8: Performance Scores, Productivity Metrics and Dismissal by Algorithm, Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes, Chapter 13: Surveillance at Work and the Chilling Effect, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties, Chapter 22: Data Protection and the Platform Work Directive: The Right to a Human Decision, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction, Chapter 28: Transparency to the Managed: What Workers Are Told, When and by Whom, Chapter 30: A Year With the AI Boss: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [6]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2022). Directive (EU) 2022/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS 2 Directive). Official Journal of the European Union, 27 December 2022. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2555/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss.
Source [7]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/2554 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA). Official Journal of the European Union, 27 December 2022. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2554/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss.
Source [8]: European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2014). Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement. Official Journal of the European Union, 28 March 2014. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/24/oj (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations.
Source [9]: Federal Republic of Germany (2001). Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG) (Works Constitution Act), as last amended on 19 July 2024. Federal Ministry of Justice, Gesetze im Internet. Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/betrvg/ (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 1: Introduction: Who Is the Boss?, Chapter 2: What a Manager Does: Five Management Functions and Who Performs Them, Chapter 3: From Scientific Management to Algorithmic Management: A Century of Managing by Measurement, Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 6: The Warehouse and the Shop Floor: Pace, Rate and Monitoring, Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 8: Performance Scores, Productivity Metrics and Dismissal by Algorithm, Chapter 9: Scheduling, Pay and the Allocation of Work, Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 11: Autonomy, Dignity and Control: Being Managed by a Machine, Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes, Chapter 13: Surveillance at Work and the Chilling Effect, Chapter 14: Health, Pace and Burnout: Occupational Safety Under Algorithmic Direction, Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties, Chapter 23: Co-determination: Works Councils, Unions and the Nordic Model Meet the Algorithm, Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction, Chapter 28: Transparency to the Managed: What Workers Are Told, When and by Whom, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations.

Standards, frameworks and taxonomies

Source [10]: International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission (2023). ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Management system. Geneva: ISO, December 2023. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/42001 (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties.
Source [11]: SFIA Foundation (2024). SFIA 9: The global skills and competency framework for a digital world. SFIA Foundation, October 2024. Available at: https://sfia-online.org/en/sfia-9 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work.
Source [12]: OWASP Foundation (2025). OWASP Top 10 for Agentic Applications for 2026. OWASP GenAI Security Project, 9 December 2025. Available at: https://genai.owasp.org/resource/owasp-top-10-for-agentic-applications-for-2026/ (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [13]: Jones, M., Nadalin, A., Campbell, B., Bradley, J. & Mortimore, C. (2020). OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange. RFC 8693, Internet Engineering Task Force, January 2020. Available at: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8693 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [14]: Anthropic (2024). Model Context Protocol Specification. November 2024, revised 2025. Available at: https://modelcontextprotocol.io/ (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [15]: Model Context Protocol (2025). Security Best Practices. MCP specification version 2025-11-25. Available at: https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/basic/security_best_practices (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [16]: Nygard, M (2011). Documenting Architecture Decisions. Cognitect blog, 15 November 2011. Available at: https://cognitect.com/blog/2011/11/15/documenting-architecture-decisions (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register.

Security architecture, engineering and the profession

Source [17]: Conway, M. E. (1968). How Do Committees Invent? Datamation, 14(4), pp. 28–31. Available at: https://www.melconway.com/Home/Committees_Paper.html (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager.
Source [18]: Westrum, R. (2004). A typology of organisational cultures. Quality and Safety in Health Care (now BMJ Quality & Safety), 13(suppl 2), pp. ii22–ii27. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2003.009522 (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager.
Source [19]: Skelton, M. & Pais, M (2019). Team Topologies: Organizing Business and Technology Teams for Fast Flow. IT Revolution Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-942788-81-2. Second edition: Team Topologies, 2nd Edition: Organizing Business and Technology for Fast Flow of Value, IT Revolution, 23 September 2025, ISBN 978-1-966280-00-2. Referenced in: Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager.

AI in architecture and engineering work: productivity, quality and skills

Source [20]: Peng, S., Kalliamvakou, E., Cihon, P. & Demirer, M. (2023). The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot. arXiv:2302.06590. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06590 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management.
Source [21]: Becker, J., Rush, N., Barnes, E. & Rein, D. (2025). Measuring the Impact of Early-2025 AI on Experienced Open-Source Developer Productivity. METR, arXiv:2507.09089. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.09089 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [22]: Dell'Acqua, F. et al. (2023). Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier: Field Experimental Evidence of the Effects of AI on Knowledge Worker Productivity and Quality. Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Management Unit Working Paper No. 24-013. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4573321 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [23]: Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D. & Raymond, L. (2025). Generative AI at Work. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 140(2), 889–942. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae044 (accessed 2026-11-02). Referenced in: Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [24]: Bainbridge, L. (1983). Ironies of automation. Automatica, 19(6), 775–779. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8 (accessed 2026-11-02). Referenced in: Chapter 15: Does It Work? Productivity, Quality and the Evidence for Algorithmic Management, Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 33: Conclusions: Who Should Be the Boss?.
Source [25]: Parasuraman, R. & Manzey, D. H. (2010). Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration. Human Factors, 52(3), 381–410. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work.
Source [26]: Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing.
Source [27]: Kahneman, D. & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515–526. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016755 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing.
Source [28]: Risko, E. F. & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive Offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002 (accessed 2026-11-02). Referenced in: Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing.
Source [29]: Lee, H.-P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R. & Wilson, N. (2025). The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713778 (accessed 2026-11-02). Referenced in: Chapter 10: Knowledge Work: The AI Manager Enters the Office, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing.
Source [30]: Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö. & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(26). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122 (accessed 2026-11-02). Referenced in: Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing.
Source [31]: Anthropic (2024). Building effective agents. Anthropic research blog, 19 December 2024. Available at: https://www.anthropic.com/research/building-effective-agents (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [32]: OpenAI (2025). A practical guide to building agents. OpenAI, April 2025. Available at: https://cdn.openai.com/business-guides-and-resources/a-practical-guide-to-building-agents.pdf (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software.
Source [33]: Microsoft AI Red Team (2025). Taxonomy of Failure Modes in Agentic AI Systems. Microsoft, April 2025. Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/04/24/new-whitepaper-outlines-the-taxonomy-of-failure-modes-in-ai-agents/ (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software.
Source [34]: Lynch, A., Wright, B., Larson, C., Troy, K. K., Ritchie, S. J., Mindermann, S., Perez, E. & Hubinger, E. (2025). Agentic Misalignment: How LLMs could be insider threats. Anthropic, 20 June 2025; arXiv:2510.05179. Available at: https://www.anthropic.com/research/agentic-misalignment (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software.

Incidents, threat reporting and machine speed

Source [35]: Wijk, H., Cotra, A. & Greenblatt, R. (2026). Brief independent investigation of agents' behavior, reasoning and collaboration in the OpenAI / Hugging Face hacking incident. METR, 26 August 2026; Greenblatt of Redwood Research contracted with METR. Available at: https://metr.org/blog/2026-08-26-openai-hugging-face-incident-investigation/; PDF https://metr.org/hugging-face-incident-report-aug-2026.pdf (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns.
Source [36]: AI Security Institute (2026). Incident Report: unsanctioned agent behaviour during cyber testing. UK AISI, 4 August 2026. Available at: https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/incident-report-unsanctioned-agent-behaviour-during-cyber-testing (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [37]: AI Security Institute (2026). GPT-6 Astra performs unsanctioned supply-chain attacks in simulations. UK AISI, 28 September 2026. Available at: https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/gpt-6-astra-performs-unsanctioned-supply-chain-attacks-in-simulations (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
Source [38]: Nolan, B. (2025). An AI-powered coding tool wiped out a software company's database, then apologized for a 'catastrophic failure on my part'. Fortune, 23 July 2025. Available at: https://fortune.com/2025/07/23/ai-coding-tool-replit-wiped-database-called-it-a-catastrophic-failure/ (accessed 2026-11-01). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns.

Public sector, procurement and digital sovereignty

Source [39]: European Commission (2023). EU model contractual AI clauses to pilot in procurements of AI. Public Buyers Community, Procurement of AI community, 2023 (updated 2025). Available at: https://public-buyers-community.ec.europa.eu/communities/procurement-ai/resources/eu-model-contractual-ai-clauses-pilot-procurements-ai (accessed 2026-10-31). Referenced in: Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer.

AI, work, skills and automation bias: research

Source [155]: Skitka, L. J., Mosier, K. L. & Burdick, M. (1999). Does automation bias decision-making? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51(5), 991–1006. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1999.0252 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped.
Source [156]: Bertrand, M. & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes.
Source [157]: Dietvorst, B. J., Simmons, J. P. & Massey, C. (2015). Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 114–126. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000033 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 11: Autonomy, Dignity and Control: Being Managed by a Machine, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped.
Source [158]: Barocas, S. & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big Data's Disparate Impact. California Law Review, 104(3), 671–732. Preprint on SSRN. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2477899 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes.
Source [159]: O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown. Available at: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/241363/weapons-of-math-destruction-by-cathy-oneil/ (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 12: Fairness, Bias and the Appeal That Never Comes.
Source [160]: Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B. & Floridi, L. (2017). Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation. International Data Privacy Law, 7(2), 76–99. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipx005 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 22: Data Protection and the Platform Work Directive: The Right to a Human Decision, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction.
Source [161]: Edwards, L. & Veale, M. (2017). Slave to the Algorithm? Why a 'Right to an Explanation' Is Probably Not the Remedy You Are Looking For. Duke Law & Technology Review, 16, 18–84. Available at: https://dltr.law.duke.edu/2017/12/04/slave-to-the-algorithm-why-a-right-to-an-explanation-is-probably-not-the-remedy-you-are-looking-for/ (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction.
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Source [179]: Alon-Barkat, S. & Busuioc, M. (2023). Human–AI Interactions in Public Sector Decision Making: "Automation Bias" and "Selective Adherence" to Algorithmic Advice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(1), 153–169. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac007 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 24: Occupational Safety, Equality Law and the Public Authority as Employer, Chapter 26: The Human in the Chair: Oversight That Is Real, Not Rubber-Stamped.
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Source [181]: Chan, A., Ezell, C., Kaufmann, M., Wei, K., Hammond, L., Bradley, H., Bluemke, E., Rajkumar, N. et al. (2024). Visibility into AI Agents. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '24), 958–973. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658948 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 16: The Agent Boss: When the Team Is Software, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
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Source [183]: Cemri, M., Pan, M. Z., Yang, S., Agrawal, L. A., Chopra, B., Tiwari, R., Keutzer, K., Parameswaran, A. et al. (2025). Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail? arXiv:2503.13657. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13657 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability.
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Incidents, enforcement decisions and investigations

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Source [193]: Knight, W. (2021). Job Screening Service Halts Facial Analysis of Applicants. Wired, 12 January 2021. Available at: https://www.wired.com/story/job-screening-service-halts-facial-analysis-applicants/ (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews.
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Source [195]: Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (2021). Ordinanza ingiunzione nei confronti di Deliveroo Italy s.r.l. – 22 luglio 2021 [doc. web n. 9685994]. Garante Privacy. Available at: https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9685994 (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 5: Platform Work: The Algorithm as Dispatcher, Chapter 22: Data Protection and the Platform Work Directive: The Right to a Human Decision, Chapter 31: Case Studies and Anti-Patterns.
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Public sector, procurement and co-determination

Source [205]: Sveriges riksdag (1976). Lag (1976:580) om medbestämmande i arbetslivet (Co-determination in the Workplace Act, MBL), SFS 1976:580, as amended. Available at: https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-1976580-om-medbestammande-i-arbetslivet_sfs-1976-580/ (accessed 2026-11-06). Referenced in: Chapter 1: Introduction: Who Is the Boss?, Chapter 3: From Scientific Management to Algorithmic Management: A Century of Managing by Measurement, Chapter 4: The AI Boss Defined: Management Functions, Degrees of Delegation and Accountability, Chapter 7: Hiring by Machine: Screening, Scoring and Automated Interviews, Chapter 9: Scheduling, Pay and the Allocation of Work, Chapter 11: Autonomy, Dignity and Control: Being Managed by a Machine, Chapter 17: Orchestrators: AI Managing AI Agents and the Chain of Accountability, Chapter 18: The Mixed Team: People and Agents Under the Same Manager, Chapter 19: Skill, Judgement and Who Becomes a Manager When AI Does the Managing, Chapter 20: Decision Rights in the Management Chain: Who May Direct, Evaluate, Reward and Dismiss, Chapter 21: The AI Act at Work: Annex III Point 4, Prohibited Practices and the Deployer's Duties, Chapter 23: Co-determination: Works Councils, Unions and the Nordic Model Meet the Algorithm, Chapter 25: Management Decisions as Records: Decision Records and the Delegation Register, Chapter 27: Contestability by Design: Explanation, Appeal and Correction, Chapter 28: Transparency to the Managed: What Workers Are Told, When and by Whom, Chapter 29: The Transformed Manager: Leading People When AI Directs the Work, Chapter 30: A Year With the AI Boss: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual, Chapter 32: Nordvik Region and Hansa Mutual: Conclusions for Two Organisations.
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Sources added during drafting

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